The war in Indonesia posed a threat
to international peace and security. In the spirit of article 24 of
the United Nations' Charter, the question of Indonesia was
officially brought before the Security Council by Jacob Malik of the
Soviet Unions. Soon afterwards, on February 10, 1946, the first
official meeting of Indonesian and Dutch representatives took place
under the chairmanship of Sir Archibald Clark Kerr.
But the freedom fight continued and
Dutch military aggressions met with stiff resistance from Indonesian
troops. The Indonesian Government conducted a diplomatic offensive
against the Dutch.
With the good offices of Lord
Killearn of Great Britain, Indonesian and Dutch representatives met
at Linggarjati in West Java. The negotiations resulted in the de
facto recognition by the Dutch of Indonesia's sovereignty over Java,
Sumatra and Madura. The Linggarjati Agreement was initiated on
November 1946 and signed on March 25, 1947.
But the agreement was a violation of
Indonesia's independence proclamation of August 17, 1945, which
implied sovereignty over the whole territory of the Republic. As
such, it met with the widespread disapproval of the people. Hence,
guerrilla fighting continued, bringing heavy pressure on Dutch
troops.
In July 1947 the Dutch launched a
military offensive to reinforce their urban bases and to intensify
their attacks on guerrilla strongholds. The offensive was, however,
put to end by the signing of the Renville Agreement on January 17,
1948. The negotiation was initiated by India and Australia and took
place under the auspices of the UN Security Council.
It was during these critical moments
that the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) stabbed the newly-
proclaimed Republic of Indonesia in the back by declaring the
formation of the "Indonesian People's Republic" in Madiun,
East Java. Muso led an attempt to overthrow the Government, but this
was quickly stamped out and he was killed.
In violation of the Renville
agreement, on December 19, 1948, the Dutch launched their second
military aggression. They invaded the Republic capital of Yogyakarta,
arrested President Soekarno, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta and other
leaders, and detained them on the island of Bangka, off the east
coast of Sumatra. A caretaker Government, with headquarters in
Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, was set up under Syafruddin Prawiranegara.
On the initiative of Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru of India, a meeting of 19 nations was convened in
New Delhi that produced a resolution for submission to the United
Nations, pressing for total Dutch surrender of sovereignty to the
Republic of Indonesia by January 1, 1950. It also pressed for the
release of all Indonesian detainees and the return of territories
seized during the military actions. On January 28, 1949, the UN
Security Council adopted a resolution to establish a cease-fire, the
release of Republican leaders and their Yogyakarta.
The Dutch, however, were adamant and
continued to occupy the city of Yogyakarta by ignoring of the
Republican Government and the National Army. They deliberately
issued a false statement to the world that the Government and the
army of the Republic of Indonesia no longer existed.
To prove that the Dutch claim was a
mere fabrication, Lieutenant Colonel Soeharto led an all-out attack
on the Dutch troops in Yogyakarta on March 1, 1949, and occupied the
city for several hours. This offensive is recorded in Indonesia's
history as "the first of March all-out attack" to show to
the world at the time that the Republic and its military were not
dead.
Consequently, on May 7, 1949, an
agreement was signed by Mohammad Roem of Indonesia and Van Rooyen of
the Netherlands, to end hostilities, restore the Republican
Government in Yogyakarta, and to hold further negotiations at a
round table conference under the auspices of the United Nations.
to international peace and security. In the spirit of article 24 of
the United Nations' Charter, the question of Indonesia was
officially brought before the Security Council by Jacob Malik of the
Soviet Unions. Soon afterwards, on February 10, 1946, the first
official meeting of Indonesian and Dutch representatives took place
under the chairmanship of Sir Archibald Clark Kerr.
But the freedom fight continued and
Dutch military aggressions met with stiff resistance from Indonesian
troops. The Indonesian Government conducted a diplomatic offensive
against the Dutch.
With the good offices of Lord
Killearn of Great Britain, Indonesian and Dutch representatives met
at Linggarjati in West Java. The negotiations resulted in the de
facto recognition by the Dutch of Indonesia's sovereignty over Java,
Sumatra and Madura. The Linggarjati Agreement was initiated on
November 1946 and signed on March 25, 1947.
But the agreement was a violation of
Indonesia's independence proclamation of August 17, 1945, which
implied sovereignty over the whole territory of the Republic. As
such, it met with the widespread disapproval of the people. Hence,
guerrilla fighting continued, bringing heavy pressure on Dutch
troops.
In July 1947 the Dutch launched a
military offensive to reinforce their urban bases and to intensify
their attacks on guerrilla strongholds. The offensive was, however,
put to end by the signing of the Renville Agreement on January 17,
1948. The negotiation was initiated by India and Australia and took
place under the auspices of the UN Security Council.
It was during these critical moments
that the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) stabbed the newly-
proclaimed Republic of Indonesia in the back by declaring the
formation of the "Indonesian People's Republic" in Madiun,
East Java. Muso led an attempt to overthrow the Government, but this
was quickly stamped out and he was killed.
In violation of the Renville
agreement, on December 19, 1948, the Dutch launched their second
military aggression. They invaded the Republic capital of Yogyakarta,
arrested President Soekarno, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta and other
leaders, and detained them on the island of Bangka, off the east
coast of Sumatra. A caretaker Government, with headquarters in
Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, was set up under Syafruddin Prawiranegara.
On the initiative of Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru of India, a meeting of 19 nations was convened in
New Delhi that produced a resolution for submission to the United
Nations, pressing for total Dutch surrender of sovereignty to the
Republic of Indonesia by January 1, 1950. It also pressed for the
release of all Indonesian detainees and the return of territories
seized during the military actions. On January 28, 1949, the UN
Security Council adopted a resolution to establish a cease-fire, the
release of Republican leaders and their Yogyakarta.
The Dutch, however, were adamant and
continued to occupy the city of Yogyakarta by ignoring of the
Republican Government and the National Army. They deliberately
issued a false statement to the world that the Government and the
army of the Republic of Indonesia no longer existed.
To prove that the Dutch claim was a
mere fabrication, Lieutenant Colonel Soeharto led an all-out attack
on the Dutch troops in Yogyakarta on March 1, 1949, and occupied the
city for several hours. This offensive is recorded in Indonesia's
history as "the first of March all-out attack" to show to
the world at the time that the Republic and its military were not
dead.
Consequently, on May 7, 1949, an
agreement was signed by Mohammad Roem of Indonesia and Van Rooyen of
the Netherlands, to end hostilities, restore the Republican
Government in Yogyakarta, and to hold further negotiations at a
round table conference under the auspices of the United Nations.
The Indonesian Question in the United Nations
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5
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Unknown
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