Khufu's Great Pyramid
| he Great Pyramid and its surrounding complex soon after its completion (Copyright Lee Krystek, 2010) |
It's 756 feet long on
each side, 450 feet high and is composed of 2,300,000 blocks of stone,
each averaging 2 1/2 tons in weight. Despite the makers' limited
surveying tools, no side is more than 8 inches different in length than
another, and the whole structure is perfectly oriented to the points of
the compass. Even in the 19th century, it was the tallest building in
the world and, at the age of 4,500 years, it is the only one of the
famous "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World"
that still stands. Even today it remains the most massive building on
Earth. It is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza, Egypt.
each side, 450 feet high and is composed of 2,300,000 blocks of stone,
each averaging 2 1/2 tons in weight. Despite the makers' limited
surveying tools, no side is more than 8 inches different in length than
another, and the whole structure is perfectly oriented to the points of
the compass. Even in the 19th century, it was the tallest building in
the world and, at the age of 4,500 years, it is the only one of the
famous "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World"
that still stands. Even today it remains the most massive building on
Earth. It is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza, Egypt.
Seven Quick Facts |
Location: Giza, Egypt |
Built: Around 2560 BC |
Function: Tomb of Pharoah Khufu |
Destroyed: Still stands today. |
Size: Height 480 ft. (146m) |
Made of: Mostly limestone |
Other: Tallest building in the world till 1311 AD and again from 1647 to 1874. |
Some
of the earliest history of the Pyramid comes from a Greek the historian
and traveler Herodotus of Halicanassus. He visited Egypt around 450 BC
and included a description of the Great Pyramid in a history book he
wrote. Herodotus was told by his Egyptian guides that it took twenty
years for a force of 100,000 oppressed slaves to build the pyramid (with
another 10 years to build a stone causeway that connected it to a
temple in the valley below). Stones were lifted into position by the use
of immense machines. The purpose of the structure, according to
Herodotus's sources, was as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu (whom the
Greeks referred to as Cheops).
of the earliest history of the Pyramid comes from a Greek the historian
and traveler Herodotus of Halicanassus. He visited Egypt around 450 BC
and included a description of the Great Pyramid in a history book he
wrote. Herodotus was told by his Egyptian guides that it took twenty
years for a force of 100,000 oppressed slaves to build the pyramid (with
another 10 years to build a stone causeway that connected it to a
temple in the valley below). Stones were lifted into position by the use
of immense machines. The purpose of the structure, according to
Herodotus's sources, was as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu (whom the
Greeks referred to as Cheops).
Herodotus,
a Greek from the democratic city of Athens, probably found the idea of a
single man employing such staggering wealth and effort on his tomb an
incredible act of egotism. He reported that even thousands of years
later the Egyptians still hated Khufu for the burden he had placed on
the people and could hardly bring themselves to speak his name.
a Greek from the democratic city of Athens, probably found the idea of a
single man employing such staggering wealth and effort on his tomb an
incredible act of egotism. He reported that even thousands of years
later the Egyptians still hated Khufu for the burden he had placed on
the people and could hardly bring themselves to speak his name.
 The three large pyramids at Giza: From left to right, Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu. The far pyramid is the "Great Pyramid" and the largest structure on the site. The middle one may look larger, but only because it is built on higher ground. |
However,
Khufu's contemporary Egyptian subjects may have seen the great pyramid
in a different light. To them the pharaoh was not just a king, but a
living god who linked their lives with those of the immortals. The
pyramid, as an eternal tomb for the pharaoh's body, may have offered the
people reassurance of his continuing influence with the gods. The
pyramid wasn't just a symbol of regal power, but a visible link between
earth and heaven.
Khufu's contemporary Egyptian subjects may have seen the great pyramid
in a different light. To them the pharaoh was not just a king, but a
living god who linked their lives with those of the immortals. The
pyramid, as an eternal tomb for the pharaoh's body, may have offered the
people reassurance of his continuing influence with the gods. The
pyramid wasn't just a symbol of regal power, but a visible link between
earth and heaven.
Indeed,
many of the stories Herodotus relates to us are probably false.
Engineers calculate that fewer men and less years were needed than
Herodotus suggests to build the structure. It also seems unlikely that
slaves or complicated machines were needed for the pyramid's construction.
It isn't surprising that the Greek historian got it wrong, however. By
the time he visited the site, the structure was already 20 centuries
old, and much of the truth about it was shrouded in the mists of
history.
many of the stories Herodotus relates to us are probably false.
Engineers calculate that fewer men and less years were needed than
Herodotus suggests to build the structure. It also seems unlikely that
slaves or complicated machines were needed for the pyramid's construction.
It isn't surprising that the Greek historian got it wrong, however. By
the time he visited the site, the structure was already 20 centuries
old, and much of the truth about it was shrouded in the mists of
history.
Certainly
the idea that it was a tomb for a Pharaoh, though, seems in line with
Egyptian practices. For many centuries before and after the construction
of the Great Pyramid, the Egyptians had interned their dead
Pharaoh-Kings, whom they believed to be living Gods, in intricate tombs.
Some were above-ground structures, like the pyramid, others were cut in
the rock underground. All the dead leaders were outfitted with the many
things it was believed they would need in the afterlife to come. Many
were buried with untold treasures.
the idea that it was a tomb for a Pharaoh, though, seems in line with
Egyptian practices. For many centuries before and after the construction
of the Great Pyramid, the Egyptians had interned their dead
Pharaoh-Kings, whom they believed to be living Gods, in intricate tombs.
Some were above-ground structures, like the pyramid, others were cut in
the rock underground. All the dead leaders were outfitted with the many
things it was believed they would need in the afterlife to come. Many
were buried with untold treasures.
The Pyramid Complex
 The Giza complex as it looked in 1904 from Eduard Spelterini's balloon. |
If
we were to visit the location of the great pyramid when it was just
finished, it would look very different than we see it today. Originally,
the pyramid itself was encased in highly polished white limestone with a
smooth surface which is now gone. At the very top of the structure
would have been a capstone, which is also now missing. Some sources
suggest that the capstone might have been sheathed in gold. Between the
white limestone and the golden cap the pyramid would have made an
impressive sight shining in the bright Egyptian sun.
we were to visit the location of the great pyramid when it was just
finished, it would look very different than we see it today. Originally,
the pyramid itself was encased in highly polished white limestone with a
smooth surface which is now gone. At the very top of the structure
would have been a capstone, which is also now missing. Some sources
suggest that the capstone might have been sheathed in gold. Between the
white limestone and the golden cap the pyramid would have made an
impressive sight shining in the bright Egyptian sun.
Around
the base of the great pyramid were four smaller pyramids, three of
which still stand today. On the east side of the pyramid stood a now
missing Funerary temple. Running down the hill into the valley was a
stone causeway, which linked the Funerary temple with a temple in the
valley. Around the pyramid were six boat shaped pits that may have
contained the hulls of vessels that belonged to the pharaoh. Parts of
one of these have been found and reconstructed into a 147 foot long boat
that today is enclosed next to the pyramid in its own museum.
the base of the great pyramid were four smaller pyramids, three of
which still stand today. On the east side of the pyramid stood a now
missing Funerary temple. Running down the hill into the valley was a
stone causeway, which linked the Funerary temple with a temple in the
valley. Around the pyramid were six boat shaped pits that may have
contained the hulls of vessels that belonged to the pharaoh. Parts of
one of these have been found and reconstructed into a 147 foot long boat
that today is enclosed next to the pyramid in its own museum.
The
other two large pyramids at Giza, the Pyramid of Khafre (Khufu's son)
and the Pyramid of Menkaure had not yet been built, so the Khufu's
pyramid and its associated structures stood alone, though surrounded by
the dwelling places and the graves of many of those that helped
construct it.
other two large pyramids at Giza, the Pyramid of Khafre (Khufu's son)
and the Pyramid of Menkaure had not yet been built, so the Khufu's
pyramid and its associated structures stood alone, though surrounded by
the dwelling places and the graves of many of those that helped
construct it.
 |
Opening the Pyramid
Even
in ancient times, thieves breaking into the sacred burial places were a
major problem and Egyptian architects became adept at designing
solutions to this problem. They built passageways that could be plugged
with impassable granite blocks; created secret, hidden rooms and made
decoy chambers. No matter how clever the designers became, however,
robbers seemed to be even smarter and with almost no exceptions, each of
the great tombs of the Egyptian Kings was plundered.
in ancient times, thieves breaking into the sacred burial places were a
major problem and Egyptian architects became adept at designing
solutions to this problem. They built passageways that could be plugged
with impassable granite blocks; created secret, hidden rooms and made
decoy chambers. No matter how clever the designers became, however,
robbers seemed to be even smarter and with almost no exceptions, each of
the great tombs of the Egyptian Kings was plundered.
In
820 A.D. the Arab Caliph Abdullah Al Manum decided to make his own
search for the treasure of Khufu. He gathered a gang of workmen and,
unable to find the location of a reputed secret door, started burrowing
into the side of the monument. After a hundred feet of hard going they
were about to give up when they heard a heavy thud echo through the
interior of the pyramid. Digging in the direction of the sound, they
soon came upon a passageway that descended into the heart of the
structure. On the floor lay a large block that had fallen from the
ceiling, apparently causing the noise they had heard. Back at the
beginning of the corridor they found the secret hinged door to the
outside they had missed.
820 A.D. the Arab Caliph Abdullah Al Manum decided to make his own
search for the treasure of Khufu. He gathered a gang of workmen and,
unable to find the location of a reputed secret door, started burrowing
into the side of the monument. After a hundred feet of hard going they
were about to give up when they heard a heavy thud echo through the
interior of the pyramid. Digging in the direction of the sound, they
soon came upon a passageway that descended into the heart of the
structure. On the floor lay a large block that had fallen from the
ceiling, apparently causing the noise they had heard. Back at the
beginning of the corridor they found the secret hinged door to the
outside they had missed.
Working
their way down the passage they soon found themselves deep in the
natural stone below the pyramid. The corridor stopped descending and
went horizontal for about 50 feet, then ended in a blank wall. A pit
extended downward from there for about 30 feet, but it was empty. When
the workmen examined the fallen block they noticed a large granite plug
above it. Cutting through the softer stone around it they found another
passageway that extended up into the heart of the pyramid. As they
followed this corridor upward, they found several more granite blocks
closing off the tunnel. In each case they cut around them by burrowing
through the softer limestone of the walls. Finally, they found
themselves in a low, horizontal passage that led to a small, square,
empty room. This became known as the "Queen's Chamber," though it seems
unlikely that it ever served that function.
their way down the passage they soon found themselves deep in the
natural stone below the pyramid. The corridor stopped descending and
went horizontal for about 50 feet, then ended in a blank wall. A pit
extended downward from there for about 30 feet, but it was empty. When
the workmen examined the fallen block they noticed a large granite plug
above it. Cutting through the softer stone around it they found another
passageway that extended up into the heart of the pyramid. As they
followed this corridor upward, they found several more granite blocks
closing off the tunnel. In each case they cut around them by burrowing
through the softer limestone of the walls. Finally, they found
themselves in a low, horizontal passage that led to a small, square,
empty room. This became known as the "Queen's Chamber," though it seems
unlikely that it ever served that function.
 The secret entrance missed by the Caliph's men when searching for treasure. (Courtesy Olaf Tausch and Wikipedia Creative Commons). |
Back
at the junction of the ascending and descending passageways, the
workers noticed an open space in the ceiling. Climbing up they found
themselves in a high-roofed, ascending passageway. This became known as
the "Grand Gallery." At the top of the gallery was a low, horizontal
passage that led to a large room, some 34 feet long, 17 feet wide, and
19 feet high. It became known as the "King's Chamber." In the center was
a huge granite sarcophagus without a lid. Otherwise the room was
completely empty.
at the junction of the ascending and descending passageways, the
workers noticed an open space in the ceiling. Climbing up they found
themselves in a high-roofed, ascending passageway. This became known as
the "Grand Gallery." At the top of the gallery was a low, horizontal
passage that led to a large room, some 34 feet long, 17 feet wide, and
19 feet high. It became known as the "King's Chamber." In the center was
a huge granite sarcophagus without a lid. Otherwise the room was
completely empty.
The Missing Treasure
The
Arabs, as if in revenge for the missing treasure, stripped the pyramid
of its fine white limestone casing and used it for building in Cairo.
They even attempted to disassemble the great pyramid itself, but after
removing the top 30 feet of stone, they gave up on this impossible task.
Arabs, as if in revenge for the missing treasure, stripped the pyramid
of its fine white limestone casing and used it for building in Cairo.
They even attempted to disassemble the great pyramid itself, but after
removing the top 30 feet of stone, they gave up on this impossible task.
So
what happened to the treasure of King Khufu? Conventional wisdom says
that, like so many other royal tombs, the pyramid was the victim of
robbers in ancient times. If we believe the accounts of Manum's men,
though, the granite plugs that blocked the passageways were still in
place when they entered the tomb. How did the thieves get in and out?
what happened to the treasure of King Khufu? Conventional wisdom says
that, like so many other royal tombs, the pyramid was the victim of
robbers in ancient times. If we believe the accounts of Manum's men,
though, the granite plugs that blocked the passageways were still in
place when they entered the tomb. How did the thieves get in and out?
In
1638 an English mathematician, John Greaves, visited the pyramid. He
discovered a narrow shaft, hidden in the wall that connected the Grand
Gallery with the descending passage. Both ends were tightly sealed and
the bottom was blocked with debris. Some archaeologists have suggested
this route was used by the last of the Pharaoh's men to exit the tomb
after the granite plugs had been put in place and by the thieves to get
inside. Given the small size of the passageway and the amount of debris
it seems unlikely that the massive amount of treasure, including the
huge missing sarcophagus lid, could have been removed this way, however.
1638 an English mathematician, John Greaves, visited the pyramid. He
discovered a narrow shaft, hidden in the wall that connected the Grand
Gallery with the descending passage. Both ends were tightly sealed and
the bottom was blocked with debris. Some archaeologists have suggested
this route was used by the last of the Pharaoh's men to exit the tomb
after the granite plugs had been put in place and by the thieves to get
inside. Given the small size of the passageway and the amount of debris
it seems unlikely that the massive amount of treasure, including the
huge missing sarcophagus lid, could have been removed this way, however.
Construction
Scientists
have long argued about how this massive structure was built, but the
most likely theory seems to be that the Egyptians built a huge ramp that
allowed them to drag the blocks into position. Because a single
straight ramp (as seen in the recent movie 10,000B.C.) would have
to be over a half mile long to reach the top and would need to contain
as much material as the pyramid itself, engineers have suggested that
the ramp was in the shape of a spiral running around the outside of the
pyramid. Alternately the Egyptians may have combined a straight ramp
that ran part way up the pyramid with a spiral ramp to the very top
levels. Blocks were probably dragged up the ramp by a team of men and
put into their final position through the use of levers (For more
information on the construction of the Great Pyramid, see our page How to Build a Pyramid).
have long argued about how this massive structure was built, but the
most likely theory seems to be that the Egyptians built a huge ramp that
allowed them to drag the blocks into position. Because a single
straight ramp (as seen in the recent movie 10,000B.C.) would have
to be over a half mile long to reach the top and would need to contain
as much material as the pyramid itself, engineers have suggested that
the ramp was in the shape of a spiral running around the outside of the
pyramid. Alternately the Egyptians may have combined a straight ramp
that ran part way up the pyramid with a spiral ramp to the very top
levels. Blocks were probably dragged up the ramp by a team of men and
put into their final position through the use of levers (For more
information on the construction of the Great Pyramid, see our page How to Build a Pyramid).
French
architect Jean-Pierre Houdin advanced the theory that a spiral ramp was
used on the inside of the pyramid to move the stone blocks. According
to Houdin a straight external ramp was used to get materials to the 140
foot level. From there workers dragged the stones through a set of
gently rising tunnels just inside the outer walls. The last tunnel would
exit on the monument's top. A 1986 microgravity survey of the pyramid
discovered a peculiar anomaly: a less-dense structure in the form of a
spiral within the pyramid that may turn out to be what is left of
Houdin's tunnels.
architect Jean-Pierre Houdin advanced the theory that a spiral ramp was
used on the inside of the pyramid to move the stone blocks. According
to Houdin a straight external ramp was used to get materials to the 140
foot level. From there workers dragged the stones through a set of
gently rising tunnels just inside the outer walls. The last tunnel would
exit on the monument's top. A 1986 microgravity survey of the pyramid
discovered a peculiar anomaly: a less-dense structure in the form of a
spiral within the pyramid that may turn out to be what is left of
Houdin's tunnels.
A
project management group that studied the problem of building the Great
Pyramid estimated that the project, using material and methods
available at the time, might have required less than ten years to
complete: Two or three years site preparation, five years of actual
construction and two years to remove the ramps and put on the finishing
touches. This could have been done with an average work force of less
than 14,000 laborers and a peak force of 40,000. By examining the ruins
of dwellings and workshops in the area, archeologists have estimated
between 4,000 and 5,000 of these men were full-time workers committed to
the project through most of the construction.
project management group that studied the problem of building the Great
Pyramid estimated that the project, using material and methods
available at the time, might have required less than ten years to
complete: Two or three years site preparation, five years of actual
construction and two years to remove the ramps and put on the finishing
touches. This could have been done with an average work force of less
than 14,000 laborers and a peak force of 40,000. By examining the ruins
of dwellings and workshops in the area, archeologists have estimated
between 4,000 and 5,000 of these men were full-time workers committed to
the project through most of the construction.
 Workers complete one of the smaller pyramids on the eastern side of the Great Pyramid (Copyright Lee Krystek, 1999). |
Egyptian
records indicate that the laborers, while being drafted against their
will, were actually well cared for by ancient standards. Regulations
have been found covering the maximum amount of work allowed per day, the
wages received and holidays each worker was entitled to. Also, by
scheduling most of the work to be done during annual flood periods, the
Pharaoh could get a lot done without impacting the normal Egyptian
economy.
records indicate that the laborers, while being drafted against their
will, were actually well cared for by ancient standards. Regulations
have been found covering the maximum amount of work allowed per day, the
wages received and holidays each worker was entitled to. Also, by
scheduling most of the work to be done during annual flood periods, the
Pharaoh could get a lot done without impacting the normal Egyptian
economy.
Was the Pyramid a Tomb?
Some
have suggested that the pyramid was never meant as a tomb, but as an
astronomical observatory. The Roman author Proclus, in fact, states that
before the pyramid was completed it did serve in this function. We
can't put too much weight on Proclus words, though, remembering that
when he advanced his theory the pyramid was already over 2000 years old.
have suggested that the pyramid was never meant as a tomb, but as an
astronomical observatory. The Roman author Proclus, in fact, states that
before the pyramid was completed it did serve in this function. We
can't put too much weight on Proclus words, though, remembering that
when he advanced his theory the pyramid was already over 2000 years old.
Richard
Proctor, an astronomer, did observe that the descending passage could
have been used to observe the transits of certain stars. He also
suggested that the grand gallery, when open at the top during
construction, could have been used for mapping the sky.
Proctor, an astronomer, did observe that the descending passage could
have been used to observe the transits of certain stars. He also
suggested that the grand gallery, when open at the top during
construction, could have been used for mapping the sky.
Many
strange (and some silly) theories have arisen over the years to explain
the pyramid and its passageways. Most archaeologists, however, accept
the theory that the great pyramid was just the largest of a tradition of
tombs used for the Pharaohs of Egypt.
strange (and some silly) theories have arisen over the years to explain
the pyramid and its passageways. Most archaeologists, however, accept
the theory that the great pyramid was just the largest of a tradition of
tombs used for the Pharaohs of Egypt.
 Khufu's pyramid as it appeared in 2005. (Courtesy Nina Aldin Thune and Creative Commons) |
So
what happened to Khufu's mummy and treasure? Nobody knows. Extensive
explorations have found no other chambers or passageways. Still one must
wonder if, perhaps in this one case, the King and his architects
outsmarted both the ancient thieves and modern archaeologists and that
somewhere in, or below, the last wonder of the ancient world, rests
Khufu and his sacred gold.
what happened to Khufu's mummy and treasure? Nobody knows. Extensive
explorations have found no other chambers or passageways. Still one must
wonder if, perhaps in this one case, the King and his architects
outsmarted both the ancient thieves and modern archaeologists and that
somewhere in, or below, the last wonder of the ancient world, rests
Khufu and his sacred gold.
history of pyramid
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