Despite the political restrictions,
on July 3, 1922 Ki Hajar Dewantoro founded Taman Siswa, an
organization to promote national education.
In 1924 the Indonesian Students
Association, "Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia," was formed
by Drs. Mohammad Hatta, Dr. Sukiman and others. This organization
became a driving force of the nationalist movement to gain
independence.
The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)
staged revolts against the colonial government in November 1926 in
West Java, and in January 1927 in West Sumatra. After their
suppression the Government exiled many non-communist nationalist
leaders to Tanah Merah, which the Dutch called "Boven Digul"
in Irian Jaya. Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo was exiled to Bandaneira.
In February 1927 Mohammad Hatta,
Achmad Soebardjo and other members of Indonesia's Movements attended
the first international convention of the "League Against
Imperialism and Colonial Oppression" in Brussels, together with
Jawaharlal Nehru and many other prominent nationalist leaders from
Asia and Africa.
In July 1927, Soekarno, Sartono and
others formed the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), which adopted
Bahasa Indonesia as the official language. This party adopted a
militant policy of non-cooperation with the Government as the result
of a fundamental conflict of interest between Indonesian nationalism
and Dutch colonialism.
In the same year, an all-Indonesia
nationalist movement was organized by Indonesian youth to replace
earlier organizations, which had been based on regionalism, such as
"Young Java," "Young Sumatra" and "Young
Ambon."
On October 28, 1929, delegates to the
second Indonesian Youth Congress in Jakarta pledged allegiance to
"one country, one nation and one language, Indonesia."
Concerned about the growing national
awareness of freedom, the colonial authorities arrested the PNI
leader, Soekarno, in December 1929. This touched off widespread
protests by Indonesians.
In 1930 the world was in the grip of
an economic and monetary crisis. The severe impact of the crisis was
felt in the Indies, a raw material producing country. The colonial
government responded with a strict balanced budget policy that
aggravated economic and social conditions.
Two other leaders of the PNI, Gatot
Mangkupradja and Maskun Supriadinata, were arrested and tried in
court on charges of plotting against the Government. Soekarno was
released in September 1931 but exiled again in August 1933. He
remained in Dutch custody until the Japanese invasion in 1942.
In January 1931, Dr. Soetomo founded
Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia, the Indonesian Unity Party. Its
objective was to improve the social status of the Indonesian people.
In April of the same year, PNI was
abandoned. A new party was formed by Sartono, LLM and named Partai
Indonesia, the Indonesian Party. Its basis was nationalism, its line
was independence.
Also in 1931, Sutan Syahrir formed
Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia. Known as the new PNI, it envisaged
national education. Mohammad Hatta joined this organization.
In 1933 a mutiny broke out on the
Dutch warship "De Zeven Provincien" for which Indonesian
nationalists were held responsible. The following year Sutan Syahrir
and Mohammad Hatta and other nationalist leaders were arrested and
banished until 1942.
In 1935, Soetomo merged Persatuan
Bangsa Indonesia and Boedi Oetomo to form Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra).
Its fundamental goal was the independence of Great Indonesia.
In July 1936, Sutardjo submitted to
the "Volksraad" a petition calling for greater autonomy
for Indonesia. This petition was flatly rejected by the
Dutch-dominated Council.
In 1937 Dr. A.K. Gani started the
Indonesian People's Movement, Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia, which was
based on the principles of nationalism, social independence and
self-reliance.
In 1939 the All Indonesian Political
Federation, GAPI, called for the establishment of a full-fledged
Indonesian parliament. This demand was rejected by the Government in
Holland in 1940.
GAPI also demanded an Indonesian
military service for the purpose of defending the country in times
of war. Again, this was turned down, notwithstanding the impending
outbreak of World War II. At the time, there were widespread
movements for fundamental and progressive reforms in the colonies
and dependencies in Asia.
on July 3, 1922 Ki Hajar Dewantoro founded Taman Siswa, an
organization to promote national education.
In 1924 the Indonesian Students
Association, "Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia," was formed
by Drs. Mohammad Hatta, Dr. Sukiman and others. This organization
became a driving force of the nationalist movement to gain
independence.
The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)
staged revolts against the colonial government in November 1926 in
West Java, and in January 1927 in West Sumatra. After their
suppression the Government exiled many non-communist nationalist
leaders to Tanah Merah, which the Dutch called "Boven Digul"
in Irian Jaya. Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo was exiled to Bandaneira.
In February 1927 Mohammad Hatta,
Achmad Soebardjo and other members of Indonesia's Movements attended
the first international convention of the "League Against
Imperialism and Colonial Oppression" in Brussels, together with
Jawaharlal Nehru and many other prominent nationalist leaders from
Asia and Africa.
In July 1927, Soekarno, Sartono and
others formed the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), which adopted
Bahasa Indonesia as the official language. This party adopted a
militant policy of non-cooperation with the Government as the result
of a fundamental conflict of interest between Indonesian nationalism
and Dutch colonialism.
In the same year, an all-Indonesia
nationalist movement was organized by Indonesian youth to replace
earlier organizations, which had been based on regionalism, such as
"Young Java," "Young Sumatra" and "Young
Ambon."
On October 28, 1929, delegates to the
second Indonesian Youth Congress in Jakarta pledged allegiance to
"one country, one nation and one language, Indonesia."
Concerned about the growing national
awareness of freedom, the colonial authorities arrested the PNI
leader, Soekarno, in December 1929. This touched off widespread
protests by Indonesians.
In 1930 the world was in the grip of
an economic and monetary crisis. The severe impact of the crisis was
felt in the Indies, a raw material producing country. The colonial
government responded with a strict balanced budget policy that
aggravated economic and social conditions.
Two other leaders of the PNI, Gatot
Mangkupradja and Maskun Supriadinata, were arrested and tried in
court on charges of plotting against the Government. Soekarno was
released in September 1931 but exiled again in August 1933. He
remained in Dutch custody until the Japanese invasion in 1942.
In January 1931, Dr. Soetomo founded
Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia, the Indonesian Unity Party. Its
objective was to improve the social status of the Indonesian people.
In April of the same year, PNI was
abandoned. A new party was formed by Sartono, LLM and named Partai
Indonesia, the Indonesian Party. Its basis was nationalism, its line
was independence.
Also in 1931, Sutan Syahrir formed
Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia. Known as the new PNI, it envisaged
national education. Mohammad Hatta joined this organization.
In 1933 a mutiny broke out on the
Dutch warship "De Zeven Provincien" for which Indonesian
nationalists were held responsible. The following year Sutan Syahrir
and Mohammad Hatta and other nationalist leaders were arrested and
banished until 1942.
In 1935, Soetomo merged Persatuan
Bangsa Indonesia and Boedi Oetomo to form Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra).
Its fundamental goal was the independence of Great Indonesia.
In July 1936, Sutardjo submitted to
the "Volksraad" a petition calling for greater autonomy
for Indonesia. This petition was flatly rejected by the
Dutch-dominated Council.
In 1937 Dr. A.K. Gani started the
Indonesian People's Movement, Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia, which was
based on the principles of nationalism, social independence and
self-reliance.
In 1939 the All Indonesian Political
Federation, GAPI, called for the establishment of a full-fledged
Indonesian parliament. This demand was rejected by the Government in
Holland in 1940.
GAPI also demanded an Indonesian
military service for the purpose of defending the country in times
of war. Again, this was turned down, notwithstanding the impending
outbreak of World War II. At the time, there were widespread
movements for fundamental and progressive reforms in the colonies
and dependencies in Asia.
Further Growth of Indonesian Organizations
4/
5
Oleh
Unknown
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