The philosophy behind the Unitary
State was that a pluralistic country like Indonesia could only be
independent and strong if it was firmly united and integrated. This
was obviously the answer to the Dutch colonial practice of divide
and rule. Hence, the national motto was "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"
as referred to earlier.
However, no sooner was the Unitary
State re-established then it had to face numerous armed rebellions.
The Darul Islam rebels under Kartosuwiryo terrorized the countryside
of West Java in their move to establish an Islamic State. It took
years to stamp them out. Then there was the terrorist APRA band of
former Dutch army captain Turco Westerling, which claimed the lives
of thousands of innocent people.
Outside Java, demobilized ex-colonial
arm men who remained loyal to the Dutch crown, staged a revolt and
proclaimed what they called "the Republic of South Maluku".
In South Sulawesi an ex-colonial army
officer, Andi Aziz, also rebelled. In Kalimantan Ibnu Hadjar led
another armed revolt. Sumatra could also account for a number of
separatist movements. And, to complete the list, the Indonesian
Communist Party again staged an abortive coup under the name of 30th
September movement, when they kidnaped and killed six of the
country's top army generals in the early hours of October 1, 1965.
State was that a pluralistic country like Indonesia could only be
independent and strong if it was firmly united and integrated. This
was obviously the answer to the Dutch colonial practice of divide
and rule. Hence, the national motto was "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"
as referred to earlier.
However, no sooner was the Unitary
State re-established then it had to face numerous armed rebellions.
The Darul Islam rebels under Kartosuwiryo terrorized the countryside
of West Java in their move to establish an Islamic State. It took
years to stamp them out. Then there was the terrorist APRA band of
former Dutch army captain Turco Westerling, which claimed the lives
of thousands of innocent people.
Outside Java, demobilized ex-colonial
arm men who remained loyal to the Dutch crown, staged a revolt and
proclaimed what they called "the Republic of South Maluku".
In South Sulawesi an ex-colonial army
officer, Andi Aziz, also rebelled. In Kalimantan Ibnu Hadjar led
another armed revolt. Sumatra could also account for a number of
separatist movements. And, to complete the list, the Indonesian
Communist Party again staged an abortive coup under the name of 30th
September movement, when they kidnaped and killed six of the
country's top army generals in the early hours of October 1, 1965.
Challenges to the Unitary State
4/
5
Oleh
Unknown
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