Meanwhile, the Dutch had started
their quest for Indonesian spices to sell on the European market at
big profit. For the purpose of more efficient and better organized
merchant trade they established the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
in 1602. To protect the merchant fleet from frequent pirate attacks
on the high seas, Dutch warships were ordered to accompany it.
After the nationalization of the VOC
in 1799, the Dutch Government had a firm grip on the vital
territories of the country. People in those territories were forced
to surrender their agricultural produce to the Dutch merchants. It
was the beginning of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. Sunda Kelapa
was renamed Batavia.
Meanwhile, the Hindu Kingdom of
Mataram converted to Islam and was ruled by the Muslim, Sultan Agung
Hanyokrokusumo. He developed the political power of the state and
was a keen patron of the arts and culture. In 1633 he introduced the
Islamic Javanese calendar.
Sultan Agung was a fierce enemy of
the Dutch. In 1629 he sent his troops to attack Batavia, but they
were repulsed by the troops of Governor General Jan Pieterszoon Coen.
After the seizure of Ambon in the
Moluccas in 1605 and Banda Island in 1623, the Dutch secured the
trade monopoly of the spice islands. A policy of ruthless
exploitation by "divide and rule" tactics was carried out.
In this way indigenous inter-island trade, like that between
Makassar, Aceh, Mataram and Banten, as well as overseas trade, was
gradually paralyzed. Indonesia was reduced to an agricultural
country to supply European markets. At the same time, the Dutch
adopted a so-called open-door policy toward the Chinese in order
that they could serve as middlemen in their trade with Indonesia.
Sultan Hasanuddin of Goa waged a war
against the Dutch in 1666. But was defeated and Goa became a vassal
state of the VOC under the treaty of Bunggaya of 1667. Prince
Trunojoyo of Madura also fought the Dutch. He was defeated and
killed in 1680.
To reinforce their spice monopoly in
the Moluccas, the Dutch undertook their notorious Hongi expeditions,
whereby they burned down the clove gardens of the people in an
effort to eliminate overproduction, which brought down the prices of
cloves on the European markets. In these outrageous expeditions
countless atrocities were committed against people who defended
their crops.
In 1740 the Dutch suppressed a
rebellion in Jakarta that was sparked by dissatisfied Chinese, who
were later joined by Indonesians. Ten thousand Chinese were
massacred.
The Kingdom of Mataram began to see
its downfall after it was divided by the VOC into the Principalities
of Yogyakarta and Surakarta. However, mismanagement and corruption
forced the VOC into bankruptcy and on December 31, 1799, all its
territories in Indonesia were taken over by the Dutch Administration
in Batavia.
their quest for Indonesian spices to sell on the European market at
big profit. For the purpose of more efficient and better organized
merchant trade they established the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
in 1602. To protect the merchant fleet from frequent pirate attacks
on the high seas, Dutch warships were ordered to accompany it.
After the nationalization of the VOC
in 1799, the Dutch Government had a firm grip on the vital
territories of the country. People in those territories were forced
to surrender their agricultural produce to the Dutch merchants. It
was the beginning of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. Sunda Kelapa
was renamed Batavia.
Meanwhile, the Hindu Kingdom of
Mataram converted to Islam and was ruled by the Muslim, Sultan Agung
Hanyokrokusumo. He developed the political power of the state and
was a keen patron of the arts and culture. In 1633 he introduced the
Islamic Javanese calendar.
Sultan Agung was a fierce enemy of
the Dutch. In 1629 he sent his troops to attack Batavia, but they
were repulsed by the troops of Governor General Jan Pieterszoon Coen.
After the seizure of Ambon in the
Moluccas in 1605 and Banda Island in 1623, the Dutch secured the
trade monopoly of the spice islands. A policy of ruthless
exploitation by "divide and rule" tactics was carried out.
In this way indigenous inter-island trade, like that between
Makassar, Aceh, Mataram and Banten, as well as overseas trade, was
gradually paralyzed. Indonesia was reduced to an agricultural
country to supply European markets. At the same time, the Dutch
adopted a so-called open-door policy toward the Chinese in order
that they could serve as middlemen in their trade with Indonesia.
Sultan Hasanuddin of Goa waged a war
against the Dutch in 1666. But was defeated and Goa became a vassal
state of the VOC under the treaty of Bunggaya of 1667. Prince
Trunojoyo of Madura also fought the Dutch. He was defeated and
killed in 1680.
To reinforce their spice monopoly in
the Moluccas, the Dutch undertook their notorious Hongi expeditions,
whereby they burned down the clove gardens of the people in an
effort to eliminate overproduction, which brought down the prices of
cloves on the European markets. In these outrageous expeditions
countless atrocities were committed against people who defended
their crops.
In 1740 the Dutch suppressed a
rebellion in Jakarta that was sparked by dissatisfied Chinese, who
were later joined by Indonesians. Ten thousand Chinese were
massacred.
The Kingdom of Mataram began to see
its downfall after it was divided by the VOC into the Principalities
of Yogyakarta and Surakarta. However, mismanagement and corruption
forced the VOC into bankruptcy and on December 31, 1799, all its
territories in Indonesia were taken over by the Dutch Administration
in Batavia.
THE BEGINNING OF DUTCH COLONIALISM
4/
5
Oleh
Unknown
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